Up to 40% of people will at some point receive a cancer diagnosis, and we can all see and feel its effects in our families and across our communities. When you're facing cancer but still dream of having children in the future, what are your options? Let's explore them together.
Skip to a section:
Breast Cancer & Fertility
Most of us know at least one person whose life has been touched by breast cancer, and when you read the statistics, it's not hard to see why. One in eight women will receive the diagnosis in their lifetime, making it the most common cancer in the U.S. (aside from skin cancer).
While most new cases occur in those who are postmenopausal, 19% of breast cancer cases actually occur in younger, reproductive-aged women.
For those facing cancer who still dream of growing their family, it can be overwhelming and stressful to juggle a new diagnosis and treatment options with concerns about future fertility and pregnancy. Thankfully, fertility preservation offers a few different ways to help protect your current fertility - before it is potentially damaged by cancer treatment.
Why consider fertility preservation?
During cancer treatment, the very chemotherapy that may save a woman’s life can also damage and deplete her eggs, making future conception more difficult. The risk of infertility depends on the type and dose of medication, and the age of the patient at the time of treatment.
Furthermore, the likelihood of becoming pregnant decreases naturally as we age, and delays due to cancer treatment and recovery can increase fertility challenges.
As a reproductive endocrinologist, I frequently work with newly diagnosed cancer patients to discuss their options for fertility preservation, so that each person can achieve their personal family-building goals.
Fortunately, in the midst of battling this terrible, indiscriminate disease, there is hope for the future. We have many ways to help women with cancer grow their families.
Fertility Preservation Methods
1. Egg Freezing
Egg freezing is the process in which mature eggs are removed from the ovaries and frozen for potential use in the future. In order to freeze eggs prior to breast cancer treatment, a woman takes injectable medications to stimulate the ovaries for 10 to 14 days.
The goal is to mature multiple eggs simultaneously, which will then be removed during an egg retrieval procedure and frozen in the embryology laboratory.
Note: This process can be started very quickly and at any point in a woman's menstrual cycle, an important consideration when a patient needs to start cancer treatment as soon as possible. For example, a breast cancer patient could complete a preservation cycle in the time period between breast surgery and chemotherapy or radiation.
Additionally, since some forms of cancer (such as breast and endometrial) are sensitive to estrogen, and a woman's estrogen levels typically rise during an ovarian stimulation cycle, a medication called Letrozole can be given to lower the body's exposure to estrogen for the duration of the treatment.
When a woman decides to use frozen eggs in the future to build her family, they are thawed and fertilized with sperm to create embryos, which can then be transferred into the uterus directly, or after genetic testing.
Meet Arianna
After receiving concerning mammogram results and learning she carries the BRCA gene, Arianna chooses to freeze her eggs before undergoing preventative surgery.
2. Embryo Freezing
Some women with partners (or a sperm donor) will instead opt for embryo freezing prior to cancer treatment. The initial part of the process is the same as egg freezing, but after ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, sperm is used to fertilize the eggs and create embryos.
These embryos are cultured in the embryology laboratory and are typically frozen at the blastocyst stage (Day 5 of the embryo’s development). Blastocyst embryos can be safely tested for chromosomal abnormalities, or even for cancer-causing genes (such as BRCA) in women that have a genetic predisposition to cancer.
3. Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation
Those who need to begin treatment urgently and do not have time for an egg or embryo freezing cycle also have the option of ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Laparoscopic surgery is performed to remove part of one ovary, and this tissue is divided into pieces and frozen for the future.
When a woman wants to build her family later on, a piece of that tissue will be thawed and surgically transplanted onto her existing ovary. Some of these tissue grafts will become hormonally active, and ovulate eggs in the future. Incredible, right?
This method was considered experimental until recently, but over 130 babies have now been born worldwide from ovarian tissue transplantation.
What are GnRH agonists?
During chemotherapy treatment, medications called GnRH agonists (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists) can be given to suppress a woman’s hormones - keeping the ovaries “quiet” in order to make the eggs less susceptible to damage.
This medication may reduce the chances of going into menopause during cancer treatment, but the degree of benefit that it provides is still a matter of debate. It is not a substitute for the other methods of fertility preservation listed above, but can be given in addition to these treatments.
Planning for Pregnancy After Cancer
Deciding when to become pregnant after cancer treatment is a complex choice, influenced by many factors. The type of cancer, stage and need for ongoing treatment all play a role in determining a safe time to conceive. It is very important to discuss these issues with an oncologist prior to proceeding with pregnancy.
Most of the time, women are advised to wait at least a few years after the completion of treatment before trying to conceive. If a cancer is estrogen-sensitive and long-term hormonal suppression is required, the recommendation may be to wait significantly longer.
Using a Gestational Carrier (Surrogate)
For women with estrogen-sensitive cancers and/or those taking long-term hormonal suppression to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, another option is to build their family with the help of a gestational carrier, also known as a surrogate.
An embryo created prior to cancer treatment (or an embryo created after treatment with previously frozen eggs) can be transferred into the uterus of a gestational carrier, who carries the pregnancy but has no genetic link to the baby.
This option allows for healthy, safe, family building for women who would have a high risk for cancer recurrence if they pursued pregnancy.
Meet Erin
A breast cancer survivor shares the story of her shocking cancer diagnosis and making the decision to pursue IVF and surrogacy to become a mother.
Other Family-Building Options
Those who do not preserve their fertility before cancer treatment do still have other options for expanding their family.
If they do not ultimately conceive on their own, they may use a donated egg or embryo to become pregnant, or pursue private or public adoption pathways. The bottom line is that there are many different options, and help is always available for those who want to grow their families after beating cancer.
Hope for Future Family Building
A new cancer diagnosis can evoke feelings of fear and uncertainty about the future. This can be particularly difficult for premenopausal women that desire to grow their families. Fortunately, women of reproductive age facing a cancer diagnosis have many options to make their dreams of motherhood a reality.
Many patients who pursue egg freezing and embryo freezing often report that the experience is hopeful and empowering during an otherwise challenging time.
By exploring fertility preservation and planning for any future pregnancies prior to cancer treatment, women can keep their options open and control when (and how) they grow their families.
Facing a cancer diagnosis?
Explore next steps, treatment pathways, costs, and more with our free guide to oncofertility preservation.
